今天大學(xué)路小編為大家?guī)?lái)了5月15日雅思閱讀考試真題答案(2023年雅思閱讀真題全面解析及答案(3)),希望能幫助到大家,一起來(lái)看看吧!
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2021年5月15日雅思閱讀考試真題答案
想要順利的通過(guò)雅思考試,了解雅思的考試真題是非常有必要的,對(duì)于在閱讀部分有困難的同學(xué),可以去做一下考試的真題,分享了2021年5月15日雅思閱讀考試真題答案。
2021年5月15日雅思閱讀考試真題答案
Passage1:噪音
難易度:難
題型:填空+匹配+單選
1. 85 dBa
2. hearing (impairment)
3. high-frequency
4. stomach (contractions)
5. noise map
6. B
7. D
8. C
9. E
10. A
11. C
12. D
13. C
Passage2:復(fù)活滅絕動(dòng)物
難易度:難
題型:段落匹配+填空+人名匹配
待回憶
Passage3:電視
難易度:一般
題型:段落匹配+單選+人名匹配
28-32 段落匹配
28.ii
29.vi
30.vii
31.i
32.v
33-35 單選
33.A
34.D
35.C
36-40 人名匹配
36.D
37.E
38.A
39.C
40.F
影響閱讀拿分的因素
1.詞匯
第一個(gè)影響雅思閱讀分?jǐn)?shù)的因素就是詞匯。必須在閱讀文章中記憶,每篇文章做完題目,要整理一下單詞,然后再運(yùn)用到閱讀其他文章中去,這叫從閱讀中來(lái),會(huì)閱讀中去。效果比較明顯。不要盲目地?cái)U(kuò)充大量單詞,要有針對(duì)性,針對(duì)雅思閱讀,要知道雅思閱讀??寄切┰~。這可從廣泛接觸雅思閱讀文章中,對(duì)單詞有感覺(jué)。
2.語(yǔ)法
第二個(gè)是語(yǔ)法。閱讀中很多題目是在考查語(yǔ)法,都是暗地里考。特別是主觀題,還有題目與原文的一些改寫(xiě),都是建立在語(yǔ)法的基礎(chǔ)上的。我們要注意一些關(guān)系,比如說(shuō)對(duì)比對(duì)照關(guān)系,因果關(guān)系,因?yàn)閮墒挛镆坏┯辛岁P(guān)系,就熱鬧了,就比較好出題了。
3.邏輯關(guān)系
第三個(gè)是邏輯關(guān)系。雅思有個(gè)別難題不光是考查大家的英文水平,同時(shí)還在考查大家的邏輯思維能力。有些題目就是在這個(gè)環(huán)節(jié)出了問(wèn)題,全部單詞都認(rèn)識(shí),就是題做不對(duì)。這樣的題多是判斷題和單選題。
4.文章的背景
第四個(gè)是文章的背景。這是影響雅思閱讀分?jǐn)?shù)最不明顯的因素。雅思閱讀文章的背景我們也要熟悉,比如交通能源污染,這是雅思考試永恒的話題。我們必須積累這方面的常識(shí),背景。另外還有建筑,動(dòng)植物,醫(yī)療健康,公司管理,高科技等等。
5.題目的類(lèi)型
第五個(gè)是雅思閱讀題目的類(lèi)型。其實(shí)這是影響雅思閱讀分?jǐn)?shù)的最明顯的因素。十多種題目類(lèi)型可以進(jìn)行以下劃分,實(shí)力題與技巧題,必考題與選考題,主觀題與客觀題。這樣的話,考生就比較容易把握題目類(lèi)型了,而且可以根據(jù)自己的實(shí)際水平,調(diào)整做題的先后順序。比如說(shuō),一個(gè)實(shí)力稍微弱點(diǎn)的學(xué)生,就要先去找填圖填表,匹配,簡(jiǎn)答這類(lèi)的題目做。而像判斷題能做就做,如果有的連題干都看不懂,那只能根據(jù)一般規(guī)律去做,也就是蒙。這是沒(méi)有辦法的辦法。但總比你在那浪費(fèi)上十多分鐘強(qiáng),但也不能空著。
雅思閱讀題型介紹
多重選擇題型 (maltiple-choice tasks);
IELTS閱讀測(cè)試中多重選擇題型與toefl測(cè)試中的多重選擇題型雖然類(lèi)似,但實(shí)質(zhì)上差別很大。ielt閱讀測(cè)試中的多重選擇題型更多側(cè)重于對(duì)文章的理解,而非強(qiáng)調(diào)語(yǔ)法、詞法的運(yùn)用。
完成句子題型 (sentence completion tasks);
這種題目比較花時(shí)間,需要考生根據(jù)選項(xiàng)在文章仔細(xì)的尋找相關(guān)的信息,這也是考察考生篩選信息和提取信息的能力。題目會(huì)給出句子的一部分內(nèi)容,沒(méi)有給出的部分便要求考生在文章中去找,或者給你選項(xiàng)讓你選一個(gè)。
摘要(summary)、填空題型 (gapfill);
填空題通常有兩種形式:一種是根據(jù)文章內(nèi)容選擇詞或短語(yǔ)填空,一般是為閱讀文章的縮寫(xiě)內(nèi)容進(jìn)行填空;另一種則無(wú)參考文章,只是一篇短文。第1種題型相對(duì)第二種題型較難,所花費(fèi)時(shí)間較多,因?yàn)橐獙善恼逻M(jìn)行語(yǔ)句、詞語(yǔ)的比較。不過(guò)這種縮寫(xiě)形式對(duì)于理解所給閱讀文章有所幫助。第二種形式是利用所給單詞或短語(yǔ)進(jìn)行填空。
配對(duì)題(matching);
這種題型也是考察考生的信息篩選能力。這種題型較為普遍,配對(duì)的范圍主要包括新產(chǎn)品的發(fā)明家、發(fā)明時(shí)間,事件和事件的發(fā)展經(jīng)過(guò),事件發(fā)生的原因和結(jié)果,文章內(nèi)容中概念的解釋和標(biāo)志性事物及其所處的年代等等。
完成圖表、示意圖題型(table、chart or diagram completion);
這種題目便是要求考生將圖標(biāo)的信息補(bǔ)全。在雅思閱讀中,會(huì)出現(xiàn)很多的圖表和示意圖,這些圖表中的文字內(nèi)容不多,但是問(wèn)題的答案都包含在圖表之中,需要考生自己去填補(bǔ)。
回答問(wèn)題(short-answer question tasks);
回答問(wèn)題是根據(jù)所給文章或圖表回答問(wèn)題。這種題目是考察考生對(duì)信息的篩選和提取能力,比如在IELTS閱讀測(cè)試中通常是用下列單詞提問(wèn):. what、which、when、where、who、whose、whom、why、 how 等。除了利用上述單詞進(jìn)行提問(wèn)外,有時(shí)會(huì)在答題指引中將所提問(wèn)題列出。
辨別正誤題型(True / false /not given);
該題型還涉及到:(not given / not mentioned)沒(méi)有提到,有時(shí)還會(huì)出現(xiàn)下列提法accurat / inaccurat 準(zhǔn)確/不準(zhǔn)確;supported / contradicted 一致/不一致。correct / incorrect 正確與不正確。辨別正誤題型屬于難度較大的題型。通常在閱讀測(cè)試中的第三或 第四部分出現(xiàn)。
paragraph headings(段落標(biāo)題)較頻繁的題型之一;
一般來(lái)說(shuō)有10個(gè)左右的標(biāo)題選項(xiàng)會(huì)給出在閱讀文章的后面,其中會(huì)包含一到兩個(gè)段落和其標(biāo)題的例子。這種題目要求考生對(duì)給出的段落在文章內(nèi)容中找出與其相匹配的段落標(biāo)題,雖然題目給出的標(biāo)題會(huì)應(yīng)用于多個(gè)段落,但是在正式的考試中,一個(gè)選項(xiàng)只能適用于一個(gè)段落。
2023年雅思閱讀真題全面解析及答案(3)
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2023年雅思閱讀真題全面解析及答案(3)
Can Scientists tell us: What happiness is?
A
Economists accept that if people describe themselves as happy, then they are happy. However, psychologists differentiate between levels of happiness. The most immediate type involves a feeling; pleasure or joy. But sometimes happiness is a judgment that life is satisfying, and does not imply an emotional state. Esteemed psychologist Martin Seligman has spearheaded an effort to study the science of happiness. The bad news is that we're not wired to be happy. The good news is that we can do something about it. Since its origins in a Leipzig laboratory 130 years ago, psychology has had little to say about goodness and contentment. Mostly psychologists have concerned themselves with weakness and misery. There are libraries full of theories about why we get sad, worried, and angry. It hasn't been respectable science to study what happens when lives go well. Positive experiences, such as joy, kindness, altrui* and heroi*, have mainly been ignored. For every 100 psychology papers dealing with anxiety or depression, only one concerns a positive trait.
B
A few pioneers in experimental psychology bucked the trend. Professor Alice Isen of Cornell University and colleagues have demonstrated how positive emotions make people think faster and more creatively. Showing how easy it is to give people an intellectual boost, Isen divided doctors making a tricky diagnosis into three groups: one received candy, one read humanistic statements about medicine, one was a control group. The doctors who had candy displayed the most creative thinking and worked more efficiently. Inspired by Isen and others, Seligman got stuck in. He raised millions of dollars of research money and funded 50 research groups involving 150 scientists across the world. Four positive psychology centres opened, decorated in cheerful colours and furnished with sofas and baby-sitters. There were get-togethers on Mexican beaches where psychologists would snorkel and eat fajitas, then form "pods" to discuss subjects such as wonder and awe. A thousand therapists were coached in the new science.
C
But critics are demanding answers to big questions. What is the point of defining levels of happiness and classifying the virtues? Aren't these concepts vague and impossible to pin down? Can you justify spending funds to research positive states when there are problems such as famine, flood and epidemic depression to be solved? Seligman knows his work can be belittled alongside trite notions such as "the power of positive thinking". His plan to stop the new science floating "on the waves of self- improvement fashions" is to make sure it is anchored to positive philosophy above, and to positive biology below.
D
And this takes us back to our evolutionary past. Homo sapiens evolved during the Pleistocene era (1.8 m to 10,000 years ago), a time of hardship and turmoil. It was the Ice Age, and our ancestors endured long freezes as glaciers formed, then ferocious floods as the ice masses melted. We shared the planet with terrifying creatures such as mammoths, elephant-sized ground sloths and sabre-toothed cats. But by the end of the Pleistocene, all these animals were extinct. Humans, on the other hand, had evolved large brains and used their intelligence to make fire and sophisticated tools, to develop talk and social rituals. Survival in a time of adversity forged our brains into a persistent mould. Professor Seligman says: "Because our brain evolved during a time of ice, flood and famine, we have a catastrophic brain. The way the brain works is looking for what's wrong. The problem is, that worked in the Pleistocene era. It favoured you, but it doesn't work in the modem world."
E
Although most people rate themselves as happy, there is a wealth of evidence to show that negative thinking is deeply ingrained in the human psyche. Experiments show that we remember failures more vividly than successes. We dwell on what went badly, not what went well. Of the six universal emotions, four anger, fear, disgust and sadness are negative and only one, joy, is positive. The sixth, surprise, is psychologist Daniel Nettle, author of Happiness, and one of the Royal Institution lecturers, the negative emotions each tell us "something bad has happened" and suggest a different course of action.
F
What is it about the structure of the brain that underlies our bias towards negative thinking? And is there a biology of joy? At Iowa University, neuroscientists studied what happens when people are shown pleasant and unpleasant pictures. When subjects see landscapes or dolphins playing, part of the frontal lobe of the brain becomes active. But when they are shown unpleasant images a bird covered in oil, or a dead soldier with part of his face missing the response comes from more primitive parts of the brain. The ability to feel negative emotions derives from an ancient danger-recognition system formed early in the brain's evolution. The pre-frontal cortex, which registers happiness, is the part used for higher thinking, an area that evolved later in human history.
G
Our difficulty, according to Daniel Nettle, is that the brain systems for liking and wanting are separate. Wanting involves two ancient regions the amygdala and the nucleus accumbens that communicate using the chemical dopamine to form the brain's reward system. They are involved in anticipating the pleasure of eating and in addiction to drugs. A rat will press a bar repeatedly, ignoring sexually available partners, to receive electrical stimulation of the "wanting" parts of the brain. But having received brain stimulation, the rat eats more but shows no sign of enjoying the food it craved. In humans, a drug like nicotine produces much craving but little pleasure.
H
In essence, what the biology lesson tells us is that negative emotions are fundamental to the human condition, and ifs no wonder they are difficult to eradicate. At the same time, by a trick of nature, our brains are designed to crave but never really achieve lasting happiness.
Question 14-20
The reading passage has seven paragraphs A-H.
Which paragraph contains the following information?
Write the correct letter A-H, in boxes 14-20 on your answer sheet.
14 An experiment involving dividing several groups one of which received positive icon
15 Review of a poorly researched psychology area
16 Contrast being made about the brain’s action as response to positive or negative stimulus
17 The skeptical attitude toward the research seemed to be a waste of fund
18 a substance that produces much wanting instead of much liking
19 a conclusion that lasting happiness are hardly obtained because of the nature of brains
20 One description that listed the human emotional categories
Question 21-25
Complete the following summary of the paragraphs of Reading Passage, using no more than four words from the Reading Passage for each answer.
Write your answers in boxes 21-25 on your answer sheet.
A few pioneers in experimental psychology study what happens when lives go well. Professor Alice divided doctors, making a tricky experiment, into three groups: beside the one control group, the other two either are asked to read humanistic statements about drugs, or received …21... The latter displayed the most creative thinking and worked more efficiently. Since critics are questioning the significance of the …22…for both levels of happiness and classification for the virtues. Professor Seligman countered in an evolutional theory: survival in a time of adversity forged our brains into the way of thinking for what's wrong because we have a…23…
There is bountiful of evidence to show that negative thinking is deeply built in the human psyche. Later, at Iowa University, neuroscientists studied the active parts in brains to contrast when people are shown pleasant and unpleasant pictures. When positive images like…24…are shown, part of the frontal lobe of the brain becomes active. But when they are shown unpleasant image, the response comes from …25…of the brain.
Question 26
Write your answers in boxes 26 on your answer sheet.
Choose the correct letter. A, B, C or D.
According to Daniel Nettle in the last two paragraphs, what is true as the scientists can tell us about happiness
A Brain systems always mix liking and wanting together.
B Negative emotions can be easily rid of if we think positively.
C Happiness is like nicotine we are craving for but get little pleasure.
D The inner mechani* of human brains does not assist us to achieve durable happiness.
文章題目:科學(xué)家可以告訴我們什么是幸福嗎
篇章結(jié)構(gòu)
體裁
議論文
題目
科學(xué)家可以告訴我們什么是幸福嗎
結(jié)構(gòu)
(一句話概括每段大意)
A段: 關(guān)于幸福的早期心理學(xué)研究主流是負(fù)面情緒
B段: 少數(shù)心理學(xué)家研究正面情感帶給人的益處
C段: 批評(píng)家質(zhì)疑用積極思考來(lái)研究幸福的合理性
D段: 冰河世紀(jì)的古人類(lèi)慣用消極思維模式
E段: 消極想法更容易被牢記
F段: 積極和消極想法的大腦結(jié)構(gòu)的生物學(xué)基礎(chǔ)
G段: 區(qū)分喜歡和欲望是研究幸福的難點(diǎn)
H段: 消極情緒是人類(lèi)生存的基礎(chǔ)
試題分析
Question 14-26
題目類(lèi)型:
題號(hào)
定位詞
文中對(duì)應(yīng)點(diǎn)
題目解析
14
Three groups
B段第2句
B段講述了少數(shù)心理學(xué)家對(duì)積極情緒的研究。從第2句話開(kāi)始,文章詳述了實(shí)驗(yàn)的方法,題干中的positive icon指代文中的candy。
本題答案為B
15
Ignored,only
A段最后兩句
A段是關(guān)于早期心里學(xué)家研究幸福的方法。從該段最后兩句可以看出,積極的情緒在當(dāng)時(shí)的研究被ignored,并且在100個(gè)試驗(yàn)中,only one concerns a positive trait。這里的ignored/only/a都是在映射題干中的poorly researched。
本題答案選A
16
Structure of the brain
F段第1句
F段講述了積極和消極想法的大腦結(jié)構(gòu)的生物學(xué)基礎(chǔ)。從第一句話的structure of brain可以看出,本段會(huì)研究brain action。
本題答案選F
17
Critics, big question
C段第1句
C段是針對(duì)B段的觀點(diǎn),批評(píng)家質(zhì)疑少數(shù)心理學(xué)家研究幸福的方式。從critics, big question, what is the point of…等地方,均可以看出題干中所述的skeptical attitude。
本題答案選C
18
Wanting, liking
G段第1句
G段落主要講wanting和liking的在大腦系統(tǒng)中的區(qū)別。從第1句開(kāi)始,該段多次出現(xiàn)wanting和liking。
所以本題答案選G
19
Brick of nature
H段第2句
H段是全文最后一段,所以很容易于題干中的conclusion聯(lián)系在一起。另外在H段第 2句也出現(xiàn)了brick of nature,指代題干中的nature of brains。
本題答案選H
20
Six universal emotion
E段中間
E段中提到了人類(lèi)最基礎(chǔ)的六種情感,對(duì)應(yīng)題干中的human emotional categories。
本題答案選E
21
Candy
B段
B段中詳細(xì)描述了實(shí)驗(yàn)的三個(gè)分組情況。Into three groups: one received candy, one…
所以本題可以從原文中直接找到答案為candy。
22
What is the point of defining…
C段
從題干中的Since critics可得知此題對(duì)應(yīng)原文中的C段。該段第2句話what is the point of defining levels of happiness and classifying the virtues。所以本題需要填寫(xiě)define的名詞definition。
23
Professor Seligman, adversity
D段倒數(shù)第三局
D段倒數(shù)第3句:Professor Seligman says: because our brain evolved during a time of ice, flood and famine, we have a catastrophic brain。從題干中的Professor Seligman提示了答案應(yīng)該從這句話中尋找。另外題干中的adversity對(duì)應(yīng)了文章中的ice flood和famine。因此每題應(yīng)該填catastrophic brain
24
Pleasant picture
E段第3句
E段第3句 講述了pleasant and unpleasant picture對(duì)人類(lèi)大腦的影響,之后緊接著提到了landscapes and dolphins playing??梢?jiàn)這里的positive image應(yīng)該填文章中對(duì)應(yīng)的pleasant picture,即landscapes and dolphins playing。
25
Unpleasant images
E段第4句
此題答案緊接著上一題。作者在E段中描述了pleasant picture之后,緊接著提到了unpleasant image(picture)。在該句的末尾處comes from more primitive parts of the brain可以找到改題的答案為 more primitive parts
26
Separate, deeply ingrained, wanting and liking, lasting happiness
E、G、H段
A選項(xiàng): G段的第一句話brain system for liking and wanting are separate,因此選項(xiàng)中的mix together是錯(cuò)誤的。
B選項(xiàng): 在E段中,作者主要表述了消極思想和情感在大腦中會(huì)留下深刻的記憶,并很難被抹去: negative thinking is deeply ingrained in the human psyche。Deeply ingrained和題干中的be easily rid of矛盾。
C選項(xiàng):G段最后一句,drug like nicotine produces much craving but little pleasure??此婆c題干很吻合但是卻在意思上大相徑庭。G段的核心思想是在強(qiáng)調(diào)happiness和滿(mǎn)足wanting后的satisfaction是兩個(gè)概念。題干中的nicotine只是滿(mǎn)足了人類(lèi)大腦的wanting,但是不會(huì)帶來(lái)pleasant,更不會(huì)帶來(lái)happiness。所以這個(gè)選項(xiàng)也是錯(cuò)誤的。
D選項(xiàng):H段最后一句,our brain are designed to crave but never really achieve lasting happiness意思與題干一致,表述了由于大腦結(jié)構(gòu)導(dǎo)致了很難持續(xù)或者幸福感。
所以本題選D
參考譯文:
科學(xué)家可以告訴我們什么是幸福嗎
A
經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)家認(rèn)為,如果人們會(huì)把自己描述成幸福的,那么他們就是幸福的.然而 心理學(xué)家卻要區(qū)分不同幸福感之間的差別。幸福最中等的水平是一種開(kāi)心或是快樂(lè)的感覺(jué)。但是有時(shí)幸福是對(duì)生活的一種評(píng)判,認(rèn)為生活是令人滿(mǎn)意的,而這似乎是不涉及感情范疇的。受人敬仰的心理學(xué)家Martin Seligman率先致力于關(guān)于幸福的研究。不幸的是,我們并不是天生就會(huì)感到幸福;而所幸的是,我們可以做一些關(guān)于幸福的事情。關(guān)于幸福的研究最早要追溯 到130年前在Leipzig的實(shí)驗(yàn)室,那時(shí)心理學(xué)對(duì)“善良”和“滿(mǎn)足”還知之甚少, 大部分的心理學(xué)家都在研究“軟弱”和“痛苦”。圖書(shū)館里的書(shū)涉及的理論都是關(guān)于我們?yōu)槭裁磿?huì)悲傷,擔(dān)憂和生氣這類(lèi)的情緒。研究生活乎順時(shí)發(fā)生的事情在當(dāng)時(shí)看來(lái)是不靠譜的。積極正面的體驗(yàn),比如說(shuō)快樂(lè),善良,利他主義和英雄主義在當(dāng)時(shí)常常是被人們忽略的。在每100篇關(guān)于焦慮和壓抑的心理學(xué)論文中,只有一篇會(huì)涉及積極的心理狀態(tài)。
B
少數(shù)的實(shí)驗(yàn)心理學(xué)家引領(lǐng)了有關(guān)幸福研究的潮流??的螤柎髮W(xué)的Alice Isen教授和她的同事致力于研究正面的情感如何讓人們思維更敏捷以及更有創(chuàng)造力。為了展示正面的情感是怎樣迅速地提升一個(gè)人的智力,Isen教授通過(guò)一個(gè)巧妙的診斷將參加實(shí)驗(yàn)的醫(yī)生分為3組:一組收到了糖果,一組朗讀人本主義的宜言,一組則作為控制對(duì)照組,(實(shí)驗(yàn)結(jié)果表明,)收到糖果的醫(yī)生的思維更具創(chuàng)造性同時(shí)工作也更高效,受到Isen教授和其他人的啟發(fā),Seligman也投身關(guān)于幸描的研究,他等集到了幾百萬(wàn)美金的研究經(jīng)費(fèi),用以資助全世界150名科學(xué)家組成的50個(gè)研究小組。4家“積極心理學(xué)”中心成立,用令人愉悅的顏色裝飾, 配有沙發(fā)和保姆。心理學(xué)家聚集在墨西哥的沙灘上享受著潛水的樂(lè)趣,品嘗墨西哥菜肴f(wàn)ajitas,他們還分成小組討論有關(guān)“夸跡”和“敬畏"的話題。還有一千名臨床醫(yī)學(xué)家接受這項(xiàng)新科學(xué)項(xiàng)目的培訓(xùn)。
C
但是一些批評(píng)家要求心理學(xué)家回答一些重大的問(wèn)題,比如說(shuō),什么是定義不同幸福水平的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)以及如何將這些特點(diǎn)分類(lèi)?這些關(guān)于幸福的概念難道不是糢糊不清而且無(wú)法被這實(shí)的嗎?當(dāng)四處還有饑荒,洪水和經(jīng)濟(jì)蕭條的時(shí)候,將這些研究基金用于積極心態(tài)的研究合適嗎?Seligman知道他的工作會(huì)被別人輕看,還可能會(huì)被人冠以諸如“積極思考的力量”此類(lèi)的陳詞濫調(diào)。因此,為了讓這樣新的科學(xué)研究不要浮于自我滿(mǎn)足的狀態(tài),就要確保這項(xiàng)研完和“枳極心理學(xué)”相聯(lián)系,又以“枳極生物學(xué)”作為基礎(chǔ)。
D
這就需要我們回到人類(lèi)的進(jìn)化史,人類(lèi)是從更新世時(shí)代(180萬(wàn)到1萬(wàn)年前)開(kāi)始進(jìn)化的,那是一個(gè)充滿(mǎn)艱難和動(dòng)蕩的時(shí)代。在冰河世紀(jì),我們的祖先先是忍受冰川形成的寒冷,然后是冰川消融時(shí)的泛濫的洪水。人們還得和那些令人毛骨悚然的生物比如說(shuō)猛犸象和體型如大象般巨大的地懶以及長(zhǎng)著銳利犬牙的貓共同生存。但是到了更新世的末期,所有的這些動(dòng)物都滅絕了,人類(lèi)卻進(jìn)化出了腦容量更大的大腦,并且通過(guò)自己的智力學(xué)會(huì)生火和*較復(fù)雜的工具,還學(xué)會(huì)了說(shuō)話并且形成了一些社會(huì)禮儀。在逆境中生存將人類(lèi)變得更加有恒心和毅力。Seligman教授說(shuō)道:“因?yàn)槲覀兊拇竽X是在一個(gè)充滿(mǎn)冰川,洪水和饑荒的年代進(jìn)化來(lái)的,我們的大腦經(jīng)歷了太多患難—災(zāi)難性,所以我們的大腦的運(yùn)作模式就是 “發(fā)現(xiàn)哪里出了問(wèn)題”。但問(wèn)題是,這在更新世那樣的時(shí)代是起作用的,在那時(shí)這對(duì)人類(lèi)是有益的,但是在現(xiàn)代社會(huì)就不起作用了。
E
盡管大多數(shù)人評(píng)價(jià)自己很幸福,但是大量證據(jù)顯示消極的想法還是在人類(lèi)心中根深蒂固。實(shí)驗(yàn)顯示,較成功而言,失敗更容易被我們牢牢記住。我們總是在思想一些不順利的事情,而不是那些順利的好的事情。在6種基本的情緒中,有4種是消極的,它們是:生氣,害怕,厭惡和悲傷,而只有一種是積極的,它就是喜悅。(第6種情緒是驚奇,屬于中性。)心理學(xué)家同時(shí)也是《幸福》這本書(shū)的作者Daniel Nettle和皇家學(xué)院的一位學(xué)者認(rèn)為,消極的情緒總是告訴我們“一些不好的事情已經(jīng)發(fā)生了”,從而會(huì)讓我們采取不一樣的行動(dòng)。
F
究竟是什么樣的大腦結(jié)構(gòu)讓我們會(huì)傾向于有消極的想法呢?“快樂(lè)”這樣的情緒有生物學(xué)基礎(chǔ)嗎?愛(ài)荷華大學(xué)的神經(jīng)學(xué)家研究了當(dāng)人們看到令人愉悅的圖片和讓人不舒服的圖片時(shí)的情況。當(dāng)人們看到風(fēng)景或是海豚玩耍時(shí),大腦的額葉會(huì)變得活躍。但是當(dāng)他們看到一些讓人不舒服的圖片比如說(shuō)一只小鳥(niǎo)被埋在土里時(shí),或是一個(gè)戰(zhàn)死的戰(zhàn)士面部還有部分缺失時(shí),大腦最原始的部分會(huì)做出反應(yīng)。這種識(shí)別消極情緒的能力是從古時(shí)候大腦進(jìn)化早期形成的危險(xiǎn)識(shí)別系統(tǒng)來(lái)的。大腦前額葉皮質(zhì)是產(chǎn)生幸福感的部位,是用來(lái)進(jìn)行一些高級(jí)的思考,是人類(lèi)晚些時(shí)期進(jìn)化來(lái)的。
G
據(jù)Daniel Nettle所言,研究的困難在于大腦對(duì)于“喜歡”和“欲望”(wanting and liking)的機(jī)制是分開(kāi)的,“欲望”涉及兩個(gè)最初大腦發(fā)育的部位,也就是扁桃體和神經(jīng)大腦區(qū),它們通過(guò)化學(xué)多巴酚傳遞信息來(lái)形成大腦的獎(jiǎng)勵(lì)機(jī)制。它們常常是讓人們很期待吃完?yáng)|西的*或是對(duì)藥品上癮。小白鼠會(huì)不停地?fù)舸驏艡趤?lái)獲取對(duì)大腦“欲望”情緒的電*,而忽略異性同伴,但是獲得大腦*的小白鼠雖然吃得更多,但是并沒(méi)有跡象表明它在吃到自己渴想的食物后有一種滿(mǎn)足感。對(duì)人而言,像尼古丁這樣的物質(zhì)會(huì)讓人想要攝取更多但是卻帶來(lái)很少的*。
H
從本質(zhì)上來(lái)看,生物課可以告訴我們消極的情緒是人類(lèi)生存的基本情緒,所以難怪它很難根除。與此同時(shí),讓人覺(jué)得很詭異的是,我們的大腦總是想要的很多,但是卻很難真正得到持續(xù)的幸福感。
參考答案:
Version 19104 主題 幸福的科學(xué)解釋
14
B
15
A
16
F
17
C
18
G
19
H
20
E
21
Candy
22
definition
23
a catastrophic brain
24
landscapes or dolphins playing
25
(more) primitive parts
26
D
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2023年6月19日雅思閱讀考試真題答案
您好,我是專(zhuān)注留學(xué)考試規(guī)劃和留學(xué)咨詢(xún)的小鐘老師。在追尋留學(xué)夢(mèng)想的路上,選擇合適的學(xué)校和專(zhuān)業(yè),準(zhǔn)備相關(guān)考試,都可能讓人感到迷茫和困擾。作為一名有經(jīng)驗(yàn)的留學(xué)顧問(wèn),我在此為您提供全方位的專(zhuān)業(yè)咨詢(xún)和指導(dǎo)。歡迎隨時(shí)提問(wèn)!
為了能夠?qū)ρ潘伎荚囉幸粋€(gè)全面的了解,大家在備考的時(shí)候,可以看看雅思考試的真題,小鐘老師為大家準(zhǔn)備了2023年6月19日雅思閱讀考試真題答案,一起來(lái)看看吧!
一、2023年6月19日雅思閱讀考試真題答案
Passage1 咖啡歷史
難易度:一般
題型:填空+判斷
1 - 6 填空
1.Goats 2.Monastery 3.Companies 4.King 5.Flowers 6.Tea
7-12 判斷
7.T
8.NG
9.F
10.NG
11.T
12.F
Passage2: street soccer
難易度:一般
題型:未知待回憶
Passage3: facial expression
難易度:較難
題型:填空+匹配+多選
28-32 填空
28.misidentified
29.emotions
30.cultural background
31.isolated
32.exposed
33-38 匹配
33.C
34.A
35.D
36.H
37.D
38.B
39-40 多選
B D
二、雅思閱讀題型及解題方法
List of heading題型
做這種類(lèi)型的題時(shí),要注意每一段的topic sentence,很可能就是答案。list of heading中的備選項(xiàng)一般多于答案的數(shù)量,考生可以先把選項(xiàng)挑出來(lái),再?gòu)闹羞x擇。需要注意,正確答案一定要包含文章的要點(diǎn),且不是細(xì)節(jié),也不是例子。因?yàn)樗鼈冎皇菍?duì)段落的解釋說(shuō)明,并不全面。
Matching題型
在做matching題時(shí),可以先把符合該題干的選項(xiàng)挑出來(lái),再去解題。解題時(shí)要注意,題目的順序標(biāo)號(hào)是否與原文中的敘述順序一致,不要只是根據(jù)原文順序依次選擇??忌⒁猓喝绻鹠atching題中出現(xiàn)了人物,那么讀文章時(shí)把所有人名框起來(lái),更方便回原文定位。
Multiple choice題型
在做選擇題之前,考生務(wù)必審清題意,確定需要選擇幾個(gè)答案。不要漏選,也不要多選。這類(lèi)題型的正確答案中一定包含文章的要點(diǎn)。另外注意題目選項(xiàng)與原文的差別,有些看似相近的句子,其實(shí)包含了完全不同的意思。所以一定要定位到原文,看準(zhǔn)后再做選擇。
Y/N/NG 和T/F/NG題型
考生解題時(shí)首先要注意Y/N/NG與T/F/NG的區(qū)別。前者是對(duì)觀念的判斷,考察的是題干與作者觀點(diǎn)之間的一致性;后者是對(duì)事實(shí)的判斷,考察的是題干與文章中所給事實(shí)的一致性。在閱讀中一定要注意事實(shí)和觀點(diǎn)的區(qū)別。
Table題型
Table題型大多考察某一事物的相同點(diǎn)或不同點(diǎn),在原文中出現(xiàn)的位置相對(duì)集中,同時(shí)相當(dāng)一部table題會(huì)涉及數(shù)字,因此回原文中定位比較容易。但做這種題目一定要細(xì)心,以防出錯(cuò)。
三、雅思閱讀精讀方法
精讀時(shí)間
精讀一定是在按照考試規(guī)定時(shí)間做完一篇文章或套題并核對(duì)完答案之后才可進(jìn)行的工作。
精讀必備物品
紙質(zhì)版劍橋教材、鉛筆、熒光筆、筆記本。
精讀內(nèi)容之——詞
對(duì)于很多同學(xué)來(lái)說(shuō),雅思文章中的生詞是心中永遠(yuǎn)的痛。大家可將句子中不認(rèn)識(shí)的詞,用熒光筆在原文中勾畫(huà)出,同時(shí)在生詞旁邊標(biāo)上序號(hào),按照1、2、3順次排列下去。
在借助字典或電子詞典查閱生詞之前我們需要做如下工作:
1. 判斷是否可以通過(guò)上下文的時(shí)態(tài)、邏輯關(guān)系或詞根、詞綴猜測(cè)出生詞的意思;
2. 如果不認(rèn)識(shí)這個(gè)詞,是否會(huì)嚴(yán)重影響對(duì)整個(gè)句子意思的把握——如果會(huì)影響對(duì)整個(gè)句子意思的把握,那么這個(gè)詞一定要認(rèn)識(shí);但如果不影響理解句意,那可根據(jù)自己的時(shí)間安排選擇是否識(shí)別記憶該單詞。
精讀內(nèi)容之——句
對(duì)于很多考生來(lái)說(shuō),雅思閱讀的句子不僅生詞多而且長(zhǎng)度也很壯觀,經(jīng)常搞不清楚句子中誰(shuí)是什么成分、誰(shuí)在修飾誰(shuí),覺(jué)得句子很難讀懂。其實(shí)一切都沒(méi)有大家想得那么難,對(duì)于句子的把握主要是盡力讀懂句子主干。
雅思閱讀對(duì)于語(yǔ)法的考查完全不同于高中英語(yǔ),不是讓你在which\in which\who \that中做出選擇,所以請(qǐng)化繁為簡(jiǎn),讀懂句子先從抓句子簡(jiǎn)主干開(kāi)始,就是搞清:誰(shuí),做了什么,這就是簡(jiǎn)單的主謂結(jié)構(gòu)。在主謂兩個(gè)成分中,好尋找的是謂語(yǔ),因?yàn)橹^語(yǔ)是由動(dòng)詞組成的。請(qǐng)大家記住謂語(yǔ)的“三姨太”:時(shí)態(tài)、語(yǔ)態(tài)、情態(tài)。找到了這三位“姨太”,一個(gè)句子的主框架就基本清晰了起來(lái)。
精讀內(nèi)容之——篇
當(dāng)詞、句被我們逐一攻堅(jiān)之后,后的重點(diǎn)就落在了段落、篇章上。當(dāng)把每一句的意思讀懂之后,可以劃出段落的主題句,后縱觀文章的全部段落,體會(huì)文章的結(jié)構(gòu)。日積月累之后,會(huì)漸漸發(fā)現(xiàn)并掌握雅思閱讀文章結(jié)構(gòu)和段落結(jié)構(gòu)的規(guī)律。
精讀內(nèi)容之——題
題目是考生拿分的關(guān)鍵。在精讀階段,我們可以再次細(xì)讀題目,并將題目翻譯出來(lái)。然后就是關(guān)鍵的一步------總結(jié)同義替換,即將題目中的詞匯與在文章中所對(duì)應(yīng)的替換點(diǎn)全部找出,并記錄在筆記本上。
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